The ability to use video-conferencing to witness documents and take affidavits is limited to situations in which a lawyer is the witness or is acting as a commissioner or notary in administering an oath while a deponent is signing an affidavit. The lawyer must be an active, practising member of the Law Society of Alberta.

Inactive lawyers and lawyers who are members of another law society outside of Alberta, from another province or country cannot witness, commission, notarize or affirm documents remotely.

Lawyers can remotely witness or administer an oath for use in Alberta regardless of where their clients are located, either inside or outside of Alberta. If the lawyer takes an affidavit by video-conference in connection with the execution of the documents that are required to be submitted to Land Titles, and the deponent of an affidavit is located outside of Alberta during the video-conference, the lawyer must notarize the affidavit, affix a Notarial Seal and amend the jurat to reflect the location of the parties.

Lawyers remain subject to the Law Society of Alberta’s client verification rules and oversight.

The most common real estate documents have been modified to allow for remote witnessing and execution of documents. The prescribed forms can be found on the Alberta King’s Printer website in the forms regulations of the following five pieces of legislation: Land Titles Act, Dower Act, Personal Property Security Act, Prompt Payment and Construction Lien Act and the Foreign Ownership of Land Regulations.

The language has been updated in some of the forms and altering or amending them could result in the document not being registered.

Please note that Land Titles requires originally executed “wet ink” documents and affidavits. Even though the legislation permits remote execution, witnessing and administering an oath, lawyers are still required to obtain the originally executed documents from the client and submit those to Land Titles.

Land Titles will not accept electronic signatures at this time. The Electronic Transactions Act specifically exempts documents that create or dispose of interests in land from being signed electronically.

Lawyers must maintain high standards when identifying the client, and maintain the integrity of the process and the authenticity of the document. The purpose of this guidance is to ensure that parties signing or swearing any official land titles document are properly identified and cannot later deny understanding or signing the relevant documents. This guidance contemplates situations in which the lawyer witnesses the execution of documents by video, and thereafter completes an affidavit of execution, as well as those situations where the lawyer is commissioning the affidavit of execution sworn by a third-party witness.

The Rules of the Law Society of Alberta require lawyers to identify and verify clients’ identity in the course of a legal retainer. Taking any of the below steps is not a substitute for the requirement to verify your client under the Rules and lawyers will still have to take additional steps to verify their client’s identity.

Lawyers should take the following steps:

Before the meeting

• Secure a written consent from the client prior to the meeting to proceed with video conference signing. Notify clients that you will be taking screenshots of them and their identification.
• The client must send clear and legible copies of their identification (front and back) prior to the meeting. Identification should be current, government-issued photo ID. This may also be required by a lender in the event the client is obtaining a mortgage, but lawyers should also check with lenders to confirm their instructions.
• Select a secure app or platform for the meeting and ensure both the lawyer and the client have the appropriate technology in place.
• Both the lawyer and the client must ensure that they have an adequate connection to permit the entire meeting to be conducted in one session without interruption. The client and lawyer must be able to see and hear one another throughout the video conference. This does not mean that there may not be interruptions; the lawyer should ensure, however, that the video and audio is continuously streaming while the client is signing or swearing a document.
• Prior to the meeting, deliver original documents to the client (hard copy or electronic for the client to print). The lawyer should retain one identical duplicate copy of each document for use during the meeting; there is no need for the lawyer to retain multiple copies.

During the meeting

• At the commencement of the meeting, the client must produce the same identification that was emailed to the lawyer. The lawyer must take “screenshots” and compare the photos on the identification with the individual on the call. Lawyers should also consider taking screenshots of the client, either separately or in the same screen alongside their identification.
• The lawyer must review the entire package with the client, page by page, and have the client initial all the pages.
• The lawyer should make best efforts to have a sufficient view of the client location to identify who is present and to ensure that confidentiality of the meeting is preserved. If the client needs assistance from a third party to act as a witness or to deal with technological issues, for example, the attendance of those third parties is appropriate.
• The lawyer must witness the client’s or deponent’s signature by video.
• Immediately after signing, the client must send a PDF version or photograph of the signed documents to the lawyer (preferably during the recorded video conferencing session). If the client does not have the ability to scan the entire document, it will be sufficient for the client to provide images of the signature pages to the lawyer.

After the meeting

• The original “wet ink” documents must be returned to the lawyer (preferably by courier).
• Upon receipt of the original signed documents, the lawyer must compare the documents and signatures to the ones in his or her possession to ensure that there are no missing or substituted pages, and that the signature received matches what was witnessed.
• The lawyer must complete the relevant documents that require further signatures, whether as a witness or as a notary or commissioner. The documents must reflect the manner in which they were executed. It is never permissible, for example, to complete an affidavit that suggests it was sworn at an in-person meeting between the deponent and the commissioner or notary when it was in fact taken by video.
• The lawyer should maintain minutes of the meeting, including the date, start time, end time, method of communication and identity of all people present.
• The lawyer should provide the client with a scanned copy or photocopy of the final versions of the executed and sworn documents. This may be done as part of the final reporting to the client.

Lawyers should always be aware of the risks associated with remote signing of documents and affidavits, including but not limited to:

• fraud;
• identity theft;
• undue influence;
• duress;
• lack of capacity
• leaving the client without copies of the executed documents; or
• failing to provide the client with an adequate opportunity to ask questions or request clarifying information about the documents they are executing.

Some recommended practices and safeguards include:

• Consider whether there are any indications of fraud. If necessary, take additional steps to confirm identity or ask more detailed questions about the transaction.
• Be alert to the fact that some people may attempt to use the current circumstances and resulting confusion as an opportunity to commit fraud or other illegal acts.
• Assess whether there is a risk that the client may be subject to undue influence or duress. Lawyers should determine who is present at the remote location and their relationship to the client. If there is a risk of undue influence or duress, consider whether it is possible to assist the client at this time without meeting in-person.
• Confirm your client’s understanding about the documents they are executing and provide adequate opportunity for them to ask questions during the video conference.
• Observe others who may be physically in the room with the client during the execution and ensure that the client is alone for particularly sensitive documents where duress may be a relevant concern.

When a lawyer receives documents from the client, the lawyer may sign as witness or may act as a commissioner for oaths or notary to complete an affidavit of execution sworn by a witness. The relevant regulations and prescribed forms set forth the required wording to be adopted in affidavits and sworn declarations to be filed with Land Titles.

The jurat on the affidavits required by Land Titles permits taking an oath via two-way video-conferencing with the deponent. The jurat and body of the affidavits also contemplates that the deponent will have provided evidence to the lawyer to permit the lawyer, acting as a commissioner or notary, to verify the deponent’s identity and to confirm the contents of the document being executed.

When acting as a witness, the lawyer will be required to swear an Affidavit of Execution swearing to the fact that the entire process was completed by two-way video conferencing and that the lawyer, as witness, was all times able to see and hear the person signing the instrument.

When commissioning an affidavit taken by video conference, both the lawyer and the deponent need to have a full copy of the affidavit and all exhibits in front of them. Pages should be compared to ensure they are identical and initialed. The lawyer must administer the appropriate oath or affirmation and watch the deponent sign the affidavit, after which the deponent will send the originally signed affidavit to the lawyer. The lawyer must again compare each page of the signed affidavit with what the lawyer reviewed during the video conference, and may commission or notarize the document only if satisfied the two copies are identical. Lawyers may not submit documents to Land Titles in counterpart, but rather must submit the document that both the client and lawyer have executed.

Lawyers should not submit a document that suggests it was executed or sworn at an in-person meeting when it was in fact taken by video.